Abu-Farsakh, M. Y., & Chen, Q. (2012). Evaluation of the base/subgrade soil under repeated
loading: phase II, in-box and ALF cyclic plate load tests [tech summary].
Arnold, M. A. (1999). Artificial neural networks applied to the prediction of settlements of shallow
foundations in granular soils. MEngSc. thesis, James Cook University, Queensland.
Azam, G., Hsieh, C. W., & Wang, M. (1991). Performance of strip footing on stratified soil deposit
with void. Journal of geotechnical engineering, 117(5), 753-772.
Barden, L. (1962). Distribution of contact pressure under foundations. Geotechnique, 12(3), 181-
198.
Bowles, J. E., & Guo, Y. (1996). Foundation analysis and design. New York: McGraw-hill.
Brahma, P., & Mukherjee, S. (2010, December). A realistic way to obtain equivalent Young’s
modulus of layered soil. In Indian geotechnical conference. Bombay, India (pp. 305-308).
Briaud, J. L. (2001). Introduction to soil moduli. Geotechnical News, 19(2), 54-58.
Civil and Project Journal, 2026, 7(12), 11-36
https://doi.org/10.22034/cpj.2025.563216.1417
34
Briaud, J. L. (2007). Spread footings in sand: load settlement curve approach. Journal of
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 133(8), 905-920.
Brinkgreve, R. B. J., Engin, E., & Swolfs, W. M. (2013). PLAXIS 3D 2013 user manual. Plaxis bv,
Delft.
Budhu, M. (2010). Soil mechanics and foundations. John Wiley and Sons.
Burland, J. B., Burbidge, M. C., Wilson, E. J., & Terzaghi. (1985). Settlement of foundations on sand
and gravel. Proceedings of the institution of Civil Engineers, 78(6), 1325-1381.
Burmister, D. M. (1945). The general theory of stresses and displacements in layered systems. I.
Journal of applied physics, 16(2), 89-94
Burmister, D. M., Palmer, L. A., Barber, E. S., & Middlebrooks, T. A. (1944). The theory of stress
and displacements in layered systems and applications to the design of airport runways. In Highway
Research Board Proceedings (Vol. 23).
Chandrupatla, T., & Belegundu, A. (2021). Introduction to finite elements in engineering. Cambridge
University Press.
Chow, Y. K. (1987). Vertical deformation of rigid foundations of arbitrary shape on layered soil
media. International journal for numerical and analytical methods in geomechanics, 11(1), 1-15.
Christian, J. T., & David Carrier III, W. (1978). Janbu, Bjerrum and Kjaernsli's chart reinterpreted.
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 15(1), 123-128.
Conte, E., & Dente, G. (1993). Settlement analysis of layered soil systems by stiffness method.
Journal of geotechnical engineering, 119(4), 780-785
Das, B. M., & Sivakugan, N. (2018). Principles of foundation engineering. Cengage learning.
Davies, T. G., & Banerjee, P. K. (1978). The displacement field due to a point load at the interface
of a two layer elastic half-space. Geotechnique, 28(1), 43-56.
Davis, E. H., & Poulos, H. G. (1972). Rate of settlement under two-and three dimensional conditions.
Geotechnique, 22(1), 95-114.
De Barros, S. T. (1966). Deflection factor charts for two-and three-layer elastic systems. Highway
Research Record, (145).
Dhar, A., & Tarefder, R. (2011). An approximate spreadsheet integration method for foundation
settlements in two-layered medium. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 5(4), 437-446.
Duncan, J. M., & Buchignani, A. L. (1976). An engineering manual for settlement studies. University
of California, Department of Civil Engineering.
Ebid, A. M. (2021). 35 Years of (AI) in geotechnical engineering: state of the art. Geotechnical and
Geological Engineering, 39(2), 637-690.
Egorov, K. E., & Nichiporovich, A. A. (1961). Research on the deflection of foundations. In
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering (Vol. 1,
pp. 861-866).
Erzin, Y., & Gul, T. O. (2014). The use of neural networks for the prediction of the settlement of
one-way footings on cohesionless soils based on standard penetration test. Neural computing and
applications, 24, 891-900.
Fraser, R. A., & Wardle, L. J. (1976). Numerical analysis of rectangular rafts on layered foundations.
Geotechnique, 26(4), 613-630.
Gazetas, G. (1980). Static and dynamic displacements of foundations on heterogeneous multilayered
soils. Geotechnique, 30(2), 159-177.
Civil and Project Journal, 2026, 7(12), 11-36
https://doi.org/10.22034/cpj.2025.563216.1417
3۵
Giustolisi O., Savic D.A. & Doglioni A. (2004) "Data Reconstruction and Forecasting by
Evolutionary Poly‐ nomial Regression" 6th Int. Conf. on Hydroinformatics, Singapore, Liong, Phoon
& Babovic (eds), World Scientific Publishing Company, vol.2, pp.1245‐ 1252.
Bharghav, M., Madhav, M. R., & Padmavathi, V. (2017). Estimation of deformation moduli of
reinforced foundation beds from load tests. In Indian geotech conf.
Harr, M. E. (1966). Foundations of Theoretical Soil Mechanics.
Hirai, H., & Kamei, T. (2003). A method to calculate settlement, stress and allowable stress of multilayered
ground. Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering, 573, 81-88.
Hirai, H., & Kamei, T. (2004). A method to calculate settlement, stress, failure and allowable stress
of multi-layered ground by equivalent thickness theory. Journal of Structural and Construction
Engineering, (581), 79-86.
Janbu, N., Bjerrum, L., & Kjaernsli, B. (1956). Veiledning ved løsning av fundamenteringsoppgaver
(Soil mechanics applied to some engineering problems). Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, 16.
Javadi, A. A., Faramarzi, A., Ahangar-Asr, A., & Mehravar, M. (2010, June). Finite element analysis
of three dimensional shallow foundation using artificial intelligence based constitutive model. In
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering,
Nottingham, UK (Vol. 30).
Javadi, A. A., Mehravar, M., Faramarzi, A., & Ahangar-Asr, A. (2009). An artificial intelligence
based finite element method. ISAST Transactions on Computers and Intelligent Systems, 1(2), 1-7.
Jommi, C., & Novati, G. (1989). On the use of infinite elements in the analysis of two-dimensional
layered elastic systems via discretized integral equations. Computers and Geotechnics, 8(4), 269-
288.[7].
Lee, J. K., & Jeong, S. (2018). Immediate settlement of ring footings resting on inhomogeneous finite
stratum. Applied Sciences, 8(2), 255.
Lekhnitskii, S. G., Fern, P. J. J. E. H., Brandstatter, J. J., & Dill, E. H. (1964). Theory of elasticity of
an anisotropic elastic body.
Maheshwari, P., & Madhav, M. R. (2006). Analysis of a rigid footing lying on three-layered soil
using the finite difference method. Geotechnical & Geological Engineering, 24, 851-869.
Pan, C. P., Tsai, H. C., & Lin, Y. H. (2013). Improving semi-empirical equations of ultimate bearing
capacity of shallow foundations using soft computing polynomials. Engineering Applications of
Artificial Intelligence, 26(1), 478-487.
Pantelidis, L. (2019). The equivalent modulus of elasticity of layered soil mediums for designing
shallow foundations with the Winkler spring hypothesis: A critical review. Engineering Structures, 201,
109452.
Pantelidis, L. (2021). The equivalent modulus of elasticity of soil mediums for designing shallow
foundations. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 39(5), 3863-3873.
PLAXIS material models manual (2021).
Poli R., Langdon W.B. and McPhee N.F. (2008) "A field guide to genetic programming", Published
via http://lulu.com.
Rezania, M. (2008). Evolutionary polynomial regression based constitutive modelling and
incorporation in finite element analysis (Doctoral dissertation, University of Exeter).
Samui, P. (2008). Support vector machine applied to settlement of shallow foundations on
cohesionless soils. Computers and Geotechnics, 35(3), 419-427.
Sasmal, S. K., & Behera, R. N. (2021). Prediction of combined static and cyclic load-induced
settlement of shallow strip footing on granular soil using artificial neural network. International Journal
of Geotechnical Engineering.
Civil and Project Journal, 2026, 7(12), 11-36
https://doi.org/10.22034/cpj.2025.563216.1417
36
Schmertmann, J. H., Hartman, J. P., & Brown, P. R. (1978). Improved strain influence factor
diagrams. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 104(8), 1131-1135.
Shahin, M. (2014). Artificial intelligence for modelling load-settlement response of axially loaded
bored piles. Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, 491-495.
Shahin, M. A. (2015). "Genetic Programming for Modelling of Geotechnical Engineering Systems".
In Handbook of Genetic Programming Applications (pp. 37-57). Springer International Publishing.
Shahin, M. A. (2015). Use of evolutionary computing for modelling some complex problems in
geotechnical engineering. Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 10(2), 109-125.
Shahin, M. A. (2016). State-of-the-art review of some artificial intelligence applications in pile
foundations. Geoscience Frontiers, 7(1), 33-44.
Shahin, M. A., Jaksa, M. B., & Maier, H. R. (2002). Artificial neural network based settlement
prediction formula for shallow foundations on granular soils. Australian Geomechanics: Journal and
News of the Australian Geomechanics Society, 37(4), 45-52.
Shahin, M. A., Maier, H. R., & Jaksa, M. B. (2003). Settlement prediction of shallow foundations on
granular soils using B-spline neurofuzzy models. Computers and Geotechnics, 30(8), 637-647.
Shahnazari, H., Shahin, M. A., & Tutunchian, M. A. (2014). Evolutionary-based approaches for
settlement prediction of shallow foundations on cohesionless soils. International journal of civil
engineering, 12(1), 55-64.
Shvets, V. B., Khalaf, K., Sal'kha, Z., & Gorlach, S. N. (2003). Experimental investigation and
analysis of the settlement funnel in beds supporting different types of foundations. Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering, 40(6), 215-219
Silva S. (2007) "GPLAB—A genetic programming toolbox for MATLAB".
http://gplab.sourceforge.net.
Sivakugan, N., Eckersley, J., & Li, H. (1998). Settlement predictions using neural networks.
Australian Civil Engineering Transactions, 40, 49-52.
Small, J. C., & Booker, J. R. (1984). Finite layer analysis of layered elastic materials using a
flexibility approach. Part 1—strip loadings. International Journal for Numerical Methods in
Engineering, 20(6), 1025-1037.
Sridharan, A., Gandhi, N. S. V. V. S. J., & Suresh, S. (1990). Stiffness coefficients of layered soil
systems. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 116(4), 604-624.
Terzaghi, K., Peck, R. B., & Mesri, G. (1996). Soil mechanics in engineering practice. John wiley &
sons.