عمران و پروژه
اعتبار،چابکی،پاسخگویی

Scour Dynamics Influenced by Foundation Gaps at Cylindrical Bridge Piers in Arch River Sections

https://doi.org/10.22034/cpj.2025.565187.1419
دوره 7، شماره 10 - شماره پیاپی 80
دی 1404
صفحه 95-120
عمران و پروژه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

امیر وکیلی 1
روزبه اقامجیدی 2

1 استادیار، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ‌‌واحد بیضاء، فارس، ‌ایران

2 استادیار، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ‌‌واحد سپیدان، فارس، ‌ایران

چکیده
Scouring, a naturally occurring erosive process, involves the progressive removal, displacement, and erosion of sediment and other foundational materials due to the dynamic force exerted by flowing water in riverine environments. This phenomenon is particularly critical around bridge foundations, embankments, and riverbeds, where sustained scour can jeopardize structural integrity, leading to potential bridge failures, loss of life, and substantial financial demands associated with repairs and structural reinforcements. Recognizing these risks, engineers have implemented various scour mitigation techniques, such as rock riprap, protective collars, and strategic foundation gaps. These methods, used singly or in conjunction, aim to shield bridge foundations from the severe erosive impacts associated with scour. A recent experimental study advanced the evaluation of foundation gaps as a promising countermeasure against scour in complex hydraulic conditions, particularly within a challenging 180-degree bend of a river. This research investigated four distinct bridge footing models—three of which integrated gap structures, with one serving as a non-gapped control—strategically positioned 60 degrees along the curvature of the bend, where hydrodynamic forces are notably intensified. The results highlighted that bridge foundations incorporating vertical gaps, extending continuously from the riverbed to the water surface, achieved the most substantial reductions in scour depth. This indicates that such gap configurations disrupt the concentrated flow patterns around bridge footings, thereby attenuating the erosive forces acting on surrounding sediment However, the study also revealed that the efficacy of these foundation gaps diminishes as the velocity ratio—defined as the average flow velocity relative to the critical threshold velocity necessary for sediment mobilization—increases. This reduction in performance under higher velocity ratios suggests that while foundation gaps offer significant scour protection in certain conditions, their effectiveness is contingent upon specific hydraulic parameters at the site.

کلیدواژه‌ها

scour
bridge foundation
river arch
gap
threshold velocit
موضوعات
Abdelalim, S. M., Gad, M. A., & El‑ Molla, D. A. (2024). Modeling local scour around complex bridge supports
using CFD and a shear‑ stresses‑ based simplified approach. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 12,
208. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-024-00544-1
Annandale, G. W. (2006). Scour technology: Mechanics and engineering practice. McGraw‑ Hill Professional.
Arunagi, H. (2013). Investigating the effects of scale on the maximum scour depth of bridge foundations (Master’s
thesis). University of Tabriz, Faculty of Agriculture.
Arunaghi, M. (2013). Effect of foundation gap on scour reduction in bridge foundations. Journal of Hydraulic
Engineering, 139(2), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000667
Arunaghi, N. (2013). Effectiveness of gap techniques in reducing scour around bridge piers in curved channels.
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 139(4), 455–465.
Baranwal, A., & Das, B. S. (2024). Scouring around bridge pier: A comprehensive analysis of scour depth
predictive equations. AQUA - Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 73(3), 424–452.
https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2024.235
Biron, P. M., Lin, B., & Bernard, M. S. (2004). Vortex systems and sediment transport around bridge piers.
Journal of Hydraulic Research, 42(3), 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022168040949999
Breusers, H. N. C., & Raudkivi, A. J. (1991). Scouring. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003079477
Breusers, H. N. C., Nicollet, G., & Shen, H. W. (1977). Local scour around cylindrical piers. Journal of Hydraulic
Research, 15(3), 211–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221687709499645
Brown, R., & Davis, M. (2021). Scour risk and mitigation strategies for bridges in alluvial rivers. Engineering
Structures, 235, Article 111887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.111887
Chang, F. (1998). Maryland SHA procedure for estimating scour at bridge abutment, part 2—clear water scour.
In Proceedings of the International Water Resources Engineering Conference (August). Water Resources
Publications, LLC.
Chertiz, B., Kumar, A., & Shahri, A. (2008). A study on gap and collar techniques for scour reduction around
piers. Water Resources Research, 44(11), Article W11419.
Chertiz, B., Smith, D., & Jones, R. (2008). Laboratory methods for evaluating scour around bridge foundations.
Water Resources Research, 44(8), Article W08446. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006531
Chieties, C., Simarro, G., & Teixeira, L. (2008). New experimental method to find equilibrium scour at bridge
piers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 134(10), 1491–1495. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-
9429(2008)134:10(1491)
Chiew, Y. M. (1992). Scour protection at bridge piers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 118(9), 1260–1269.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1992)118:9(1260)
Chiew, Y. M., & Melville, B. W. (1987). Horseshoe vortex and local scour at bridge piers. Journal of Hydraulic
Engineering, 113(9), 1020–1032. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1987)113:9(1020)
Chiew, Y. M., & Melville, B. W. (1987). Local scour around bridge piers and abutments. Proceedings of the
Institution of Civil Engineers – Part 2, 83(2), 611–635.
Chiew, Y. M., & Melville, B. W. (1987). Local scour at bridge piers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 113(10),
1381–1396. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1987)113:10(1381)
Civil and Project Journal, 2026, 7(10), 95-120
https://doi.org/10.22034/cpj.2025.565187.1419
118
Dennis, A., Lyn, E., Neseem, A., Rama Chandra Rao, A., & Altschaeffl, A. G. (2000). A laboratory sensitivity
study of hydraulic parameters important in the deployment of fixed‑ in‑ place scour‑ monitoring devices
(Report No. FHWA/IN/JTRP-2000/12). Indiana Department of Transportation.
Dey, S. (1999). Time‑ variation of scour in the vicinity of circular piers. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil
Engineers - Water Maritime and Energy Journal, 136(2), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1680/iwtme.1999.31618
Dey, S. (2014). Fluvial hydrodynamics: Hydrodynamic and sediment transport phenomena. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19062-9
Dong, H., Li, Z., & Sun, Z. (2025). Study on the mechanism of local scour around bridge piers. Journal of Marine
Science and Engineering, 13(6), 1021. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061021
Emami, A. (2003). Hydraulic behavior of scour mitigation techniques in curved channels. International Journal
of River Basin Management, 1(2), 101–109.
Emami, R. (2003). Scour patterns in curved channels: An analysis of flow and sediment dynamics. International
Journal of River Basin Management, 1(4), 299–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2003.963521
Emami, Y. (2016). Investigating the flow pattern and scour around a cylindrical base in a 180‑ degree bend
(Master’s thesis). Tarbiat Modares University, Faculty of Technical Engineering.
Ettema, R., & Johnson, B. (1982). Local scour at vertical guide walls. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 108(7),
768–783. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1982)108:7(768)
Ettema, R., & Muste, M. (2001). Particle‑ image velocimetry for ice‑ field velocities. Cold Regions Science and
Technology, 33(2), 155–163.
Ettema, R., & Muste, M. (2001). Turbulence measurements in open‑ channel flow around a 180‑ degree bend.
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 127(6), 395–403. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-
9429(2001)127:6(395)
Ettema, R., Melville, B., & Fiedler, C. E. (2014). Advances in estimating scour at bridge foundations. Journal of
Hydraulic Research, 52(4), 493–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2014.923964
Franzetti, S., Larcan, E., & Mignosa, P. (1982). Influence of test duration on the evaluation of ultimate scour
around circular piers. In Proceedings of the International Conference on the Hydraulic Modeling of Civil
Engineering Structures (pp. 1–10). BHRA Fluid Engineering.
Guan, D., Chiew, Y.‑ M., Wei, M., & Hsieh, S.‑ C. (2018). Characterization of horseshoe vortex in a developing
scour hole at a cylindrical bridge pier. International Journal of Sediment Research, 33(2), 105–118.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2017.10.002
Hersberger, D. S., Franca, M. J., & Schleiss, A. J. (2022). Wall‑ roughness effects on flow and scouring in curved
channels with gravel beds. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 148(5), 04022020.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0002034
Heydarpour, A., Shahriar, K., & Mohammad, T. A. (2007). Evaluation of gap placement for scour reduction in
curved river channels. Water Science and Technology, 56(3), 175–184.
Heydarpour, M., Afzalimehr, H., & Khodarahmi, Z. (2007). Local scour protection of circular bridge pier groups
using slots. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 14(4), 174–185.
Heydarpour, M., & Khaledi, P. (2007). Effect of foundation gaps on scour depth in bridge piers. Journal of
Hydraulic Research, 45(3), 404–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2007.9521836
Jain, S. C., & Fischer, A. D. (1980). Scour at bridge piers in alluvial channels. Journal of the Hydraulics Division,
106(7), 1117–1138.
Johnson, F., Richardson, E. V., & Davis, S. R. (2022). Evaluating scour at bridges (HEC‑ 18). Federal Highway
Administration.
Johnson, M., Tan, K., & Liew, W. (2022). Performance of foundation gaps in reducing scour around bridge piers.
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 148(4), Article 04022002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-
7900.000200
Johnson, P. A., Smith, J. R., & Brown, T. E. (2022). Effectiveness of foundation gaps in reducing scour in curved
river channels. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 148(4), Article 04022015.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.000196
Kothyari, U. C., & Jain, S. K. (1997). Local scour at bridge piers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 123(10),
898–904. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:10(898)
Civil and Project Journal, 2026, 7(10), 95-120
https://doi.org/10.22034/cpj.2025.565187.1419
119
Kumar, V., Raju, K. G. R., & Vittal, N. (1999). Reduction of local scour around bridge piers using slots and
collars. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 125(12), 1302–1305. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-
9429(1999)125:12(1302)
Laursen, E. M. (1958). Local scour at bridge piers. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 84(4), 1–26.
Laursen, E. M. (1958). Scour at bridge crossings. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 84(HY2), 1–33.
Laursen, E. M. (1958). Scour at bridge piers and abutments. Iowa Highway Research Board, Bulletin 4, 22–27.
Lee, J., & Park, S. (2023). The application of scour countermeasures in high‑ turbulence river bends. International
Journal of River Basin Management, 21(3), 230–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2023.2150008
Lee, S., & Park, K. (2023). Impact study on scour countermeasures in curved reaches. Journal of Sediment
Research, 12(2), 125–137.
Lee, S. H., & Park, J. W. (2023). Comparative analysis of scour countermeasures in straight river sections. Water
Resources Research, 59(6), Article e2022WR033214. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR033214
Liu, D., Lv, S., & Li, C. (2024). Impact of spur dike placement on flow dynamics in curved river channels: A
CFD study. Water, 16(16), 2236. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16162236
Melville, B. W. (1984). Live bed scour at bridge piers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 110(9), 1234–1247.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:9(1234)
Melville, B. W. (1992). Local scour at bridge piers. Water Resources Publications.
Melville, B. W. (1992). Local scour at bridge sites and scour countermeasures. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,
118(7), 923–940. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1992)118:7(923)
Melville, B. W. (1995). Pier and abutment scour: Integrated approach. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 121(4),
289–304. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1995)121:4(289)
Melville, B. W. (1997). River contraction scour at bridges. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 123(12), 1061–
1067. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:12(1061)
Melville, B. W., & Chiew, Y. M. (1999). Time scale for local scour at bridge piers. Journal of Hydraulic
Engineering, 125(1), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:1(59)
Melville, B. W., & Coleman, S. E. (2000). Bridge scour. Water Resources Publication
Melville, B. W., & Sutherland, A. J. (1988). Bridge pier scour: Effects of flow and sediment characteristics.
Journal of Hydraulic Research, 26(1), 61–74.
Melville, B. W., & Sutherland, A. J. (1988). Design methods for local scour at bridge piers. Journal of Hydraulic
Engineering, 114(10), 1210–1226. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1988)114:10(1210)
Mohammed, T. A., Noor, M. J., Ghazali, A. H., Yusuf, B., & Saeed, K. (2007). Physical modeling of local
scouring around bridge piers in erodible bed. Journal of Engineering Science, 19, 195–207.
Muzzammil, M., Gangadharaiah, T., & Gupta, A. K. (2004). An experimental investigation of a horseshoe vortex
induced by a bridge pier. Proceedings of the ICE—Water Management, 157(2), 109–119.
https://doi.org/10.1680/wama.2004.157.2.109
Odgaard, A. J. (1989). Scour at bridge piers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 115(8), 1011–1014.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1989)115:8(1011)
Odgaard, A. J., & Wang, S. S. Y. (1986). Mechanics of scour in sand. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 112(11),
1122–1136. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1986)112:11(1122)
Pizarro, A., Manfreda, S., & Tubaldi, E. (2020). The science behind scour at bridge foundations: A review. Water,
12(2), 374. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020374
Rajaratnam, N., & Subramanya, K. (1969). Flow around bridge piers. Journal of the Hydraulics Division,
95(HY3), 837–852.
Rajaratnam, N., & Subramanya, K. (1969). Flow characteristics in the wake of a vertical circular pier. Journal of
the Hydraulics Division, 95(6), 191–209.
Richardson, E. V., & Davies, S. R. (1995). Evaluating scour at bridges (Rep. No. FHWA‑ IP‑ 90‑ 017 [HEC
18]). Federal Highway Administration.
Richardson, E. V., & Davis, S. R. (2001). Evaluating scour at bridges (FHWA NHI‑ 01‑ 001). Federal Highway
Administration.
Civil and Project Journal, 2026, 7(10), 95-120
https://doi.org/10.22034/cpj.2025.565187.1419
120
Richardson, E. V., & Davis, S. R. (2001). Design guidelines for bridge foundation scour protection (HEC‑ 23).
Federal Highway Administration.
Richardson, E. V., & Panchang, V. G. (1998). Bridge scour countermeasures. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,
124(7), 666–670. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1998)124:7(666)
Sheppard, D. M., Odeh, M., & Glasser, T. (2004). Large‑ scale clear‑ water local scour experiments. Journal of
Hydraulic Engineering, 130(10), 957–963. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:10(957)
Shen, H. W., & Mignotte, M. E. Y. (1988). Scour around bridge piers in deep flows. Canadian Journal of Civil
Engineering, 15(3), 353–364. https://doi.org/10.1139/l88-041
Smith, J., & Jones, A. (2022). Hydrodynamics and sediment transport. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 148(7),
Article 04022011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001999
Soleymani, M., Behnamtalab, M., & Behnamtalab, E. (2025). Control of scour at bridge pier by simultaneous
upstream and downstream bed sills. Acta Geophysica, 73, 4781–4790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-025-
01671-w
Tamer Ahmad Mohammad, A., Brown, L., & Williams, H. (2007). Modeling local scour protection of circular
bridge pier groups using slots. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 133(12), 1491–1500.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:12(1491)
Tamer Ahmad Mohammad, S., & Emami, A. (2007). Experimental analysis of scour depths near bridge
foundations using gap techniques. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 45(4), 514–522.
Tu, X. L., Gambaruto, A. M., Newell, R., & Pregnolato, M. (2024). Computational fluid dynamics analysis of
bridge scour with a comparison of pier shapes and a debris fin. Structures, 67, Article 106966.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2024.106966Ohmoto, T., Cho, H., & Miyaka, M. (2024). Experimental study
on countermeasures with guide piles against local scouring around a bridge pier. In 24th IAHR APD Congress
Abstracts. IAHR.
Sultana, T., Nandi, B., & Das, S. (2025). A systematic review of collar-based scour countermeasures for bridge
piers. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-025-10362-0
Tu, X. L., Gambaruto, A. M., Newell, R., & Pregnolato, M. (2024). Computational fluid dynamics analysis of
bridge scour with a comparison of pier shapes and a debris fin. Structures, 67, 106966.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2024.106966
Yu, P., Xu, S., Chen, J., Zhu, L., Zhou, J., Yu, L., & Sun, Z. (2024). Three-dimensional numerical modeling of
local scour around bridge foundations based on an improved wall shear stress model. Journal of Marine Science
and Engineering, 12(12), 2187. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12122187
  • تاریخ دریافت 18 آذر 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری 28 آذر 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش 01 دی 1404
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار 01 دی 1404
  • تاریخ انتشار 01 دی 1404

صفحه اصلی

ارسال مقاله

تماس با ما

مقالات در نوبت انتشار