China's construction industry is undergoing rapid digitalization through the adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM), the Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI). However, the spatial distribution of digital adoption remains poorly understood. This study assesses digital transformation levels across the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) from 2011 to 2021, examining regional disparities and the barriers impeding further digitalization. Utilizing a comprehensive evaluation index system encompassing digital infrastructure, investment, applications, and sustainability indicators, the analysis reveals pronounced spatial heterogeneity. The downstream region exhibits advanced digital adoption, while the upstream and midstream regions encounter significant challenges related to inadequate technological infrastructure, insufficient investment, and digital skill shortages. The regional gap between the highest and lowest provincial scores reaches 0.226 in 2021, demonstrating persistent disparities. The study contributes a validated assessment framework, theoretical grounding through the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework, and policy recommendations differentiated by regional readiness levels. These findings have significant implications for policymakers seeking to promote balanced digital transformation across the YREB.